Phenol compound content and antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract products (Aquilaria malaccensis)

Gaharu leaf extract produces yield extraction, phenol compound, and antibacterial activity in diverse quantities. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of the extraction method and type of solvent on the extractability of the polyphenol component and the antibacterial activity of gaharu leaves. Extraction was done through maceration and Soxhlet methods by using solvents of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extraction result showed that the highest yield value of 18.4% was found on the treatment of a combination of ethanol solvent and Soxhlet method. The total content of phenol and tannin of gaharu leaf extract was in the range of 11.2 to 18.62mg. mL-1 and 12.82 to 13.41%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract on the Gram-positive test of Staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of the Gram-negative test of Escherichia coli having a value of zone of inhibition in the range of 5.33 to 6.33 mm and 4.00 to 5.00 mm, respectively.

Increasing Macrophages in Tooth Extraction Wound Healing after induction of Freeze-drying Gel Aloe vera 90% on Cavia cobaya

@#Introduction: Tooth extraction is a regular method in dentistry in which it will result a lesion on the socket. The healing process of the lesion might lead to complication for instance bleeding, swelling, socket drying, and spreading of the infection. However, the healing process could be helped by the use of herbal medicine for it can reducing the complication risk. 90% freeze-drying Aloe vera gel, can grow the number of macrophages cells in which they play a significant role in the healing process. The purpose of this study was to determine an increasing number of macrophage cells in the wound healing process after tooth extraction after applying 90% freeze-drying Aloe vera gel. Method: freeze-drying Aloe vera consisted in CMC Na. Cavia cobaya divided into control group, day 1 and day 3, consists of the two groups without Aloe vera treatment and Treatment group, day 1 and day 3, consists of the two group treated with Aloe vera. Results: There is significant dissimilarity in both control and treatment group. In the treatment group, the number of macrophages between days 1 and 3 has been grown. It is because of the anti-inflammatory properties of Aloe vera. The activities and number of macrophages in tissue would be disrupted, if it is inhibited. Conclusion: 90% freeze-drying Aloe vera gel extract could increase number of macrophages in the healing process after tooth extraction on Cavia cobaya in observation days 1 and 3.

Immunoreactive Scoring of Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) Expression as an Indicator of Metallic Taste Rats which are Induced by Doxorubicin and Antioxidant

@#Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of deathworldwide. Chemotherapy like as doxorubicin is the most common treatment procedure given to cancer patients. Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic drug that triggers the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) affect to body cells including taste bud cells to induced the expression of Metallothionein 3 (MT-3), eventually cause cell damage that leads to a metallic taste. Antioxidant therapy can be an alternative to overcome metallic taste as it counters ROS effect and lowers the expression of MT-3. The aim of this study is to evaluate MT-3 expression in the taste bud cells of male Wistar Rats after induction of doxorubicin combined with vitamin E and mung bean sprouts (Phaseolusradiatus L.) juice. Methods: 27 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g aged 3-4 months were divided into 3 groups randomly; control group, treatment group 1 (receiving doxorubicin and vitamin E), and treatment group 2 (receiving doxorubicin and mung bean sprouts juice). After 5 days, the rats were sacrificed, and the tongue was taken for immunohistochemistry analysis. Data were then analyzed by One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene Test, and Oneway-ANOVA statistical test (p<0.05). Results: The MT-3 expression increases in the following order; control group (4.93), treatment group 2 (7.08), and treatment group 1 (9.95). Treatment group 1 and 2 both show remarkable increases of MT-3 expression compare to control. Conclusion: The induction of doxorubicin and antioxidant can increase the level of MT-3 expression.

The Potential of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereuspolyrhizus) Rind Extract Accelerates Wound Healing Process Post Tooth Extraction

@#Introduction: Biological process of wound healing in soft tissue injury which include some phase that its highly organized cascade, such as haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Healing process will be impaired when there is an interference with one of the four of the phase not going well. This study is aimed to proving the role of dragon fruit peel extract towards the interpretation of TGF- β, fibroblast cell and formation of new blood vessels during wound healing process. Methods: 20 rattus norwegicus wistar strain rats are separated into four groups. The one lower incisor is extracted, afterward the wound post extraction of the treatment group was treated with dragon fruit peel extract gel with the concentration of 15%, 30% and 60%, meanwhile, for the control groups, they are treated with polyethylene glycol gel. On the fourth day, the rats were sacrificed and preparation of immunohistochemical and histopathology are made. Observe under the light microscope with 400x magnification. Results: This study shows that the 30% concentration increase the expression of TGF- β (16.6±2.07), fibroblast proliferation (77.6±5.27) and new blood vessels (33.8±2.28) compare to the control group, 15% and 60% concentration in a meaningful way (p=0.00, p=0.00 and p=0.00). Conclusions: The dragon fruit peel extract gel may affect the wound healing process of extraction by increasing the expression of TGF- β, number of fibroblast and formation of new blood vessels.

Histopathological Changes on Wistar Rat Wounds after Topical Application of Fig Leaf Extracts.

Background: The incision in the oral cavity is also taken for gingivectomy. Fig leaves (Ficus carica Linn) extract contains compounds of flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The important markers of wound healing were fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density. Aim and Objectives: To investigate the topical application of fig leaves extracts on Wistar rat wounds on the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Material and Methods: This research was performed on 24 rats by making incision wounds on the backs of Wistar rats and divided into control and treatment groups. The control groups were left untreated and the treatment groups were given fig leaves extract gel on the incision wound once every day during thee and seven days, and then the animals were sacrificed. Wound tissue was removed and fixed in 10% formalin solution for histopathological test. Then it was embedded in paraffin, and stained wit Hematoxylin–Eosin to observe fibroblasts and acrophages. The collagen density was observed by Masson's Trichome staining. Statistical analyses of fibroblasts and macrophages were using One-way Anova and Tukeys HSD. Collagen density was analyzed by using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results:There were significant differences amongthe groups (p<0.005) on the number of fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Conclusion: Application of fig leaves extract on Wistar rat wounds could increase the number of fibroblasts and macrophages but not collagen density in the wound healing process.

The effect of aerobic and anaerobic interval exercise on the proliferation phase of wound healing in tooth extraction of Rattus novergicus

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> The healing process of tooth extraction is desired to take place faster to restore the normal tissue. Physical exercise is proven to accelerate wound healing through various physiological mechanisms. Aerobic exercise increases oxygen perfusion which leads to wound healing process. On the other hand, anaerobic exercise stimulates reactive oxygen species and may interfere with the wound healing process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To observe if there are differences in the effectiveness of wound healing after tooth extraction based on the number of fibroblast and neovascularization in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) that performed interval aerobic or anaerobic exercise.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Rats were divided into 3 groups, a control group and two treatment groups which performed the aerobic physical exercise or the anaerobic physical exercise. Fibroblast and neovascularization were calculated 7 days after the tooth extraction. Data were analyzed using Krusskal-Wallis statistical tests.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The aerobic exercise group showed the higher number of fibroblasts and neovascularization compared to anaerobic exercise group, while the control group showed the lowest number of fibroblast and neovascularization.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION</strong>: This study demonstrated that aerobic physical exercise accelerates wound healing in the proliferation phase better than anaerobic exercise and no exercise.</p>

Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF) expression in wistar rat oral mucosa traumatic ulcer due to golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) extract gel

Background@#Traumatic ulcer is a lesion formed by a local tissue damage due to trauma on epithelial layer. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays an important role in wound healing, especially in angiogenesis. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) is believed to accelerate the wound healing process. @*Objective@#To prove that golden sea cucumber extract can increase VEGF expression in oral mucous membrane traumatic ulcer in rat.@*Method@#S. hermanni extract was prepared by freeze-dry method, then an extract was made using PEG 400 or PEG 4000 at 40% and 80% concentrations, respectively, and applied to the animal’s oral wounds. The animals were divided into three groups: control; 40% S. hermanni extract gel; and 80% S. hermanni extract gel. The ulcers that formed on day 3 were rubbed gently with S. hermanni extract gel. After being sacrificed on day 4, sample tissues from the lower lips were prepared for histopathology to count the number of VEGF expression. The results were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA statistical test. @*Results@#A significant increase in the VEGF expression of 80% concentration S. hermanni extract gel was found compared with those in the control group (p=0.00).@*Conclusion@#Golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanni) gel increased the VEGF expression in oral mucous traumatic ulcer.